A locally built cavity-free multi-frequency (95-190-285 GHz) CW-HFEPR utilizing a 95 GHz synthesizer microwave source (ELVA-1, St Petersburg, Russia) followed by a frequency doubler or tripler (Radiometer Physics, Meckenheim, Germany) and detection by a indium antimonide (InSb) hot electron bolometer (QMC Instruments, UK). The spectrometer is operational at 4 – 300 K.
A Bruker ELEXSYS II 680 EPR spectrometer equipped with a Bruker Power Upgrade 2, 500-watt Amplifier Research radiofrequency amplifier and an Oxford Instruments CF935 flow cryostat.